Glossary of terms

The most common abrasive material, denoted by the letter "A" on the wheel marking. Aluminum oxide is effective for processing steel, cast iron and non-ferrous metals. There are different types: white (the purest), pink (for soft metals), ceramic (self-sharpening, premium class). The grain size is indicated by a number after the letter A, for example A24 means aluminum oxide with a grain size of 24. Aluminum oxide-based cutting and grinding wheels are the most versatile in metalworking.

See also: Cutting wheels· Ceramic Grain· Zirconia Alumina

A hand-held power tool for cutting, grinding, stripping and polishing metal, stone and other materials. The most common disc sizes are: 115 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 180 mm and 230 mm. The maximum rotation speed (RPM) depends on the diameter of the disc - the larger the diameter, the lower the speed. The grinder is equipped with a protective cover for the safety of the operator. It is important to always use discs with a maximum RPM higher than or equal to the speed of the tool.

See also: Work Safety· RPM Calculator· RPM· Guard

The central hole in an abrasive wheel or saw blade, designed to be mounted on the tool spindle. Standard mounting hole sizes: 22.23 mm (0.97 in.) (most common for angle grinders), 25.4 mm (1 in., for some machine tools), 32 mm (1.2 in.) (for large machine wheels). It is important to accurately match the hole diameter to the tool spindle - using adapter rings is dangerous for high-speed operations.

See also: Cutting discs· Saw blades

A plastic or rubber disc that attaches to the spindle of a grinder (usually with an M14 thread) and serves as a base for fixing Velcro or fiber discs. Backing pads come in different hardnesses: hard for processing flat surfaces, soft and medium hardness for contoured and profiled workpieces. Diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180 mm. The quality of the backing pad affects the uniformity of grinding and the service life of the abrasive discs.

See also: Backing pads· Fiber discs· Velcro

The material that holds the abrasive grains together in the structure of the wheel. The type of bond determines the cutting speed, heat resistance and tool life. The main types are: BF or B (Bakelite/resin bond - for cutting and grinding wheels), V (ceramic/vitrified - for machine tools), R (rubber - for precision machining), metal bond (for diamond tools). The hardness of the bond is indicated by letters from A to Z, where LP are average values.

See also: Vitrified Bond· Hardness Grade· ISO 525

An unwanted sharp protrusion of metal on the edge of a part that forms after cutting, drilling, stamping or milling. Burrs reduce product quality, can be a hazard and interfere with further processing. They are removed using grinding wheels, flap discs, fibre discs or non-woven abrasives. The process of removing burrs is called deburring.

See also: Flap discs· Non-woven abrasive· Deburring

A superhard synthetic abrasive, second only to diamond in hardness. CBN is used for grinding hardened steels (HRC 50+), superalloys, tool steels and high-speed steels. Unlike diamond, cubic boron nitride does not react chemically with ferrous metals at high temperatures, making it ideal for machining steel workpieces. CBN wheels are expensive, but have an extremely long service life.

See also: Diamond Blade· Manufacturers

Premium abrasive grain with a microcrystalline structure, obtained by a special sol-gel technology process. Ceramic grain is self-sharpening - during operation, microparticles break off, exposing new sharp edges. Highest performance when processing stainless steel, heat-resistant alloys and difficult-to-machine materials. More expensive than regular aluminum oxide, but removes significantly more material over the entire service life of the tool.

See also: Flap Discs· Aluminium Oxide· Zirconia Alumina

A type of abrasive tool where the grains are applied to a flexible backing (paper, cloth, fiber, polyester or combinations) using an adhesive layer. Backed abrasives include sanding belts, Velcro wheels, sanding sheets, rolls, sponges. Unlike bonded abrasives (cutting/polishing wheels), flexible abrasives adapt better to the shape of the workpiece. The backing can be of different densities: A, C, D, E, F (from lightest to densest).

See also: Self-locking grinding wheels· Sanding belts· Sanding sheets

Thin reinforced abrasive wheel (thickness 0.8-3.0 mm) for cutting metal, stainless steel, aluminum or stone. The main types by shape are: Type 41 (flat profile) and Type 42 (dropped center for angled cutting). The cutting wheels are marked according to the European standard EN 12413, which regulates the maximum working speed and safety requirements. NovoAbrasive produces cutting wheels with diameters from 115 to 230 mm for various types of metal.

See also: Cutting wheels· Type 27 / Type 41 / Type 42· EN 12413· Kerf

The process of removing sharp edges, burrs and irregularities on metal parts after cutting, stamping, drilling or welding. It is performed using flap discs, non-woven abrasives, fiber discs or special brushes. Deburring is an important step in preparing parts for painting, welding or assembly, and also increases safety when handling products. The grain size is selected depending on the material: P60-P80 for rough cleaning, P120-P180 for finishing.

See also: Flap discs· Non-woven abrasive· Fiber discs· Burr

A design feature of Type 27 (grinding) and Type 42 (cutting) abrasive wheels where the center of the wheel is below the working surface. This design allows cutting and grinding at an angle to the workpiece, providing better access to the surface and preventing the tool flange from contacting the metal. The lowered center is standard for hand-held angle grinders.

See also: Grinding wheels· Type 27 / Type 41 / Type 42

Cutting tool with synthetic diamond grains fixed in a metal matrix on the rim of the disc. Used for cutting concrete, reinforced concrete, granite, marble, ceramics, bricks and asphalt. Main types: continuous rim for wet cutting without chipping, segmented for dry fast cutting, turbo for universal use. NovoAbrasive produces diamond discs with diameters from 115 to 230 mm.

See also: Diamond cutting discs· Diamond grinding discs· CBN

European safety standard for bonded abrasive wheels (cutting and grinding wheels). Regulates requirements for marking, maximum operating speed, reinforcement, materials and mandatory overspeed rupture tests. Compliance with EN 12413 is mandatory for the sale of abrasive tools on the European Union market. NovoAbrasive has full EN 12413 certification for its entire range of cutting and grinding wheels.

See also: NovoAbrasive certificates· Occupational safety· oSa· MPA Hannover

Finishing of end edges, weld seams or chamfers on metal workpieces. Performed with flap wheels or Type 27 grinding discs at an angle of 15-30° to the surface to be ground or at an angle of 90° (perpendicular) to cut the edge. End grinding is used to prepare edges for welding, remove scale, remove rust and form chamfers. It is important to maintain the correct angle of inclination of the tool to avoid vibrations.

See also: Grinding wheels· Flap wheels· Guides

A European organization that sets standards for the grading of abrasive grits. FEPA defines two scales: F-grade (F8-F220) for bonded abrasives (cutting, grinding wheels) and P-grade (P12-P2500) for flexible abrasives (sanding cloth, belts, velcro discs). Although the numbers may be the same (e.g. F80 and P80), the grit sizes and tolerances differ. FEPA standards are recognized worldwide.

See also: Certificates· Grit· P-Grade

A grinding wheel with a fiber backing (vulcanized cellulose) that is mounted on the support plate of an angle grinder. Fiber wheels have a grain size of P24 to P120 and are designed for aggressive material removal, welding seam processing, rust removal and shaping of metal surfaces. The rigidity of the fiber provides high pressure on the workpiece and rapid metal removal. Diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180 mm.

See also: Fiber discs· Backing pads· Flap Disc

A grinding wheel with abrasive cloth flaps arranged radially in a fan shape on a plastic or fiber backing. Combines the functions of grinding and stripping in one tool. Flap wheels provide soft, even finishing without deep scratches. Grit: from P40 (coarse finishing) to P120 (finishing). Flap angles: straight (Type 27) for flat surfaces, conical (Type 29) for contoured surfaces. NovoAbrasive offers flap wheels with diameters of 115, 125, 150, 180 mm.

See also: Flap Discs· Deburring· Fiber Disc

The size of the abrasive particles, which determines the aggressiveness and quality of the finish. The lower the grit number, the larger the grain and the rougher the finish. Grit is determined by the number of holes per inch of the screen through which the abrasive grains are sieved. Typical ranges: 16-24 (very rough finishing, removing a lot of material), 36-60 (standard grinding), 80-120 (fine finishing), 180+ (polishing and finishing). The choice of grit depends on the material and the desired result.

See also: Selection Guides· FEPA· P-Grade· Surface Finish

A mandatory safety element of an angle grinder, protecting the operator from sparks, fragments of the abrasive wheel and contact with the rotating tool. The protective guard must be correctly installed before each use of the grinder - it is located between the operator and the wheel. Working without the guard is strictly prohibited by the safety standards EN 12413 and can lead to serious injuries. The guard must be adjusted without the use of tools.

See also: Safety regulations· Angle Grinder· EN 12413

The ability of an abrasive wheel bond to hold the abrasive grains during operation. It is indicated by letters from A (softest) to Z (hardest), with the LP range being the most common for general applications. There is a paradox: soft wheels are used for hard materials (self-sharpening faster), hard wheels for soft materials (grains hold longer). Hardness affects the life of the wheel and the quality of the surface finish.

See also: Wheel selection· Bond· ISO 525

A system for attaching grinding wheels to the backing plate based on the hook and loop principle (similar to Velcro). Provides quick replacement of abrasive wheels without the use of tools, uniform pressure over the entire area of the wheel and the possibility of multiple use. It is a standard for eccentric and orbital sanders. Velcro grinding wheels have perforations for dust removal through holes in the backing plate.

See also: Self-locking grinding wheels· Backing pads· Velcro

International standard for the classification and marking of bonded abrasive wheels. Defines a designation system that includes: type of abrasive (A - aluminum oxide, C - silicon carbide, Z - zirconium), grit (number), bond hardness (letter AZ), wheel structure (number) and bond type (BF, V, R, etc.). ISO 525 ensures a common understanding of the characteristics of abrasive tools by manufacturers and users worldwide.

See also: Aluminium Oxide· Bond· Hardness Grade· Grit

The width of the gap formed when cutting the material. For abrasive cut-off wheels, the kerf width is from 1.0 to 3.0 mm depending on the thickness of the wheel, for diamond wheels - from 1.6 to 3.5 mm, for TCT saw blades - depends on the tooth spacing. A smaller kerf width means less material loss (especially important when cutting expensive metals), faster cutting and less stress on the tool, but requires more precise manufacturing and better materials.

See also: Cutting discs· Diamond discs· Saw blades

The leading German independent institute for testing and certification of abrasive tools. MPA Hannover conducts rigorous tests of cutting and grinding wheels, including a tear test at 1.5 times the maximum operating speed. The MPA certificate is the highest mark of quality and safety in the abrasive industry. NovoAbrasive is the only Ukrainian abrasives manufacturer to have received MPA Hannover certification for its products.

See also: NovoAbrasive certificates EN 12413 oSa

The amount of material (metal) removed by an abrasive tool per unit of time. Measured in grams per minute (g/min) or cubic centimeters per minute (cm³/min). MRR is a key indicator of the efficiency and productivity of an abrasive wheel. It depends on the type of abrasive grain, grit, pressure on the workpiece, rotation speed and the material being processed. Ceramic and zirconia grains have a higher MRR compared to conventional aluminum oxide.

See also: Ceramic Grain· Zirconia Alumina· Flap Discs

Abrasive material made of a three-dimensional mesh of nylon fibers impregnated with abrasive grains and synthetic resin. Non-woven abrasive is designed for finishing, matting surfaces, removing oxides and light cleaning without significantly changing the geometry of the part. Does not leave deep scratches, provides uniform processing even on complex contours. Scotch-Brite is the most famous brand of non-woven abrasives. Hardness: Ultra Fine, Fine, Medium, Coarse.

See also: Nonwoven abrasive· Deburring· Surface Finish

An international non-profit organization that independently tests and certifies abrasive tools for safety standards. Wheels marked “oSa tested*” have undergone rigorous tests for rupture, balancing and compliance with the declared characteristics. The oSa certification is recognized in the European Union and over 70 countries worldwide. NovoAbrasive has oSa certificates for its entire range of cutting and grinding wheels.

See also: Certificates· EN 12413· MPA Hannover· Safety

FEPA grit scale for flexible abrasives (sanding cloth, belts, velcro discs, fibre discs). Ranges from P12 (coarse) to P2500 (fine for polishing). Not to be confused with F-Grade, which is used for bonded abrasives (cutting, buffing discs). Although P80 and F80 are similar in grain size, the tolerances and measurement methods are different. The P-Grade standard ensures the same finish regardless of the abrasive manufacturer.

See also: Self-locking grinding wheels· Sanding belts· FEPA· Grit

The linear speed at the outer rim of an abrasive wheel, measured in meters per second (m/s). It is calculated using the formula: V = π × D × n / 60000, where D is the wheel diameter in mm, n is the revolutions per minute (RPM). The maximum permissible peripheral speed for cutting wheels is 80 m/s, for grinding wheels - 80 m/s. Exceeding the maximum speed can lead to wheel failure and serious injury. Always check the speed of the tool and the wheel.

See also: RPM Calculator RPM Safety

Fiberglass reinforcement mesh inside the cutting and grinding wheels, which ensures strength and safety at high speeds. Cutting wheels (Type 41/42) have one reinforcement mesh due to their thin thickness, grinding wheels (Type 27) have two meshes for additional strength. The reinforcement is a mandatory requirement of the EN 12413 standard and prevents fragments from flying out in the event of a wheel breakage. The quality of the reinforcement directly affects the safety of work.

See also: Cutting wheels· Grinding wheels· EN 12413

The number of complete revolutions of the power tool spindle in one minute. The maximum RPM of the abrasive wheel must ALWAYS be greater than or equal to the speed of the tool - this is a critical safety requirement. Typical maximum RPMs are: 125 mm wheel - 12,200 RPM, 150 mm - 10,200 RPM, 180 mm - 8,500 RPM, 230 mm - 6,600 RPM. Exceeding the maximum RPM will result in excessive centrifugal force and wheel failure.

See also: RPM/Speed Calculator· Peripheral Speed· Safety

Closed belt with abrasive coating on a fabric or paper base for belt sanders. Standard sizes: width 75-100 mm, length 457-610 mm (the most common 75×533 mm). Grit P40-P240 for different stages of processing. Used for sanding wood, metal, plastic, removing old paint and varnish. Abrasive grains: aluminum oxide (universal), zirconium (for metal), ceramic grain (premium).

See also: Sanding belts· Coated Abrasive· P-Grade

Disc cutting tool with pointed teeth on the rim for circular saws and miter saws. TCT (Tungsten Carbide Tipped) - saw blades with carbide brazed teeth, which provides high wear resistance and cutting quality. Designed for sawing wood, laminate, aluminum, plastic, composite materials. Diameters from 115 to 355 mm, number of teeth from 24 (rough fast cutting) to 100+ (finishing cutting).

See also: Saw blades· TCT· Kerf

A quality parameter of the machined surface, characterizing the height of micro-roughness. It is measured in micrometers (μm) as the arithmetic mean deviation of the profile (Ra). Typical ranges: Ra 0.1-0.4 μm (mirror polishing), Ra 0.8-3.2 μm (fine grinding), Ra 6.3-25 μm (coarse grinding). The higher the grit size of the abrasive, the lower the surface roughness. The choice of grit size depends on the technical requirements for the part.

See also: Grit· Flap Discs· Non-Woven Abrasive

Saw blade teeth with tungsten carbide (WC-Co) brazed to the steel body of the blade. The carbide brazed has a hardness of HRA 88-92, which is ten times higher than the wear resistance of ordinary steel. TCT blades are effective for sawing wood (including nails), laminate, aluminum, plastic. The number of teeth determines the quality of the cut: 24-40 teeth for fast rough cutting, 60-100+ for finishing cutting. Tooth geometry: ATB (bevel), FTG (flat), combined.

See also: Saw blades· Saw Blade

Classification of abrasive wheel shapes according to international standards. Type 41 (straight/flat profile) — for straight cutting perpendicular to the surface. Type 42 (depressed center) — for cutting at an angle, the center below the working edge. Type 27 (depressed center grinding) — for grinding and grinding at an angle of 15-30° to the surface. The choice of type depends on the operation and the design of the tool.

See also: Cutting wheels· Grinding wheels· Depressed Center

A system for quickly attaching grinding wheels to the sander's backing pad, based on the hook and loop principle. Provides instant tool-free replacement of abrasive wheels, uniform pressure distribution over the entire area of the wheel and the possibility of multiple use of one wheel. Velcro is the industry standard for random orbital and delta sanders. The wheels are perforated (6, 8 or 15 holes) for effective dust removal.

See also: Self-locking grinding wheels· Backing pads· Hook-and-Loop

A type of bond for abrasive wheels based on clay and feldspar, fired at a temperature of about 1200°C. Ceramic bond is the hardest of all types, heat-resistant up to 1000°C, chemically inert and provides high processing accuracy. It is used mainly for machine grinding, where dimensional stability and minimal shape deviations are required. It is indicated by the letter "V" in the marking according to ISO 525. Ceramic-bonded wheels require careful storage and transportation.

See also: Guides· Bond· ISO 525

High-performance abrasive grain, which is an alloy of zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Indicated by “Z” or “ZA” on the wheel marking. Zirconium corundum grains have self-sharpening properties - during operation, small particles break off, exposing new sharp edges. Especially effective for processing stainless steel, cast iron, weld seams and difficult-to-machine alloys. Service life is 50-100% longer compared to conventional aluminum oxide.

See also: Flap Discs· Aluminium Oxide· Ceramic Grain· Z-Rating

A special designation for abrasive wheels designed for stainless steel (INOX). Wheels marked “Z”, “INOX” or “Stainless Steel” are made without iron, sulfur and chlorine, which prevents corrosion of the cut or grinding area. This is critical for stainless steel, as contamination with ordinary particles can lead to rusting. Z-grade wheels often contain zirconium or ceramic grain for maximum performance on difficult-to-machine stainless alloys.

See also: Cutting wheels· Zirconia Alumina· Wheel selection

A general term for high-hardness materials used for surface treatment by cutting, grinding and polishing. Abrasive materials are divided into natural (corundum, diamond, garnet, pumice) and synthetic (aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, CBN, synthetic diamond). NovoAbrasive specializes in the production of bonded abrasives (cutting and grinding wheels) and flexible abrasives (flap wheels, fiber wheels, grinding belts, sheets).

See also: Cutting wheels· Grinding wheels· Abrasive

The cutting tool, consisting of a metal body and synthetic diamond segments, is designed for cutting superhard materials: concrete, reinforced concrete, granite, marble, ceramics, bricks. Types: solid (for wet cutting), segmented (for dry cutting), turbo (universal). Standard diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180, 230, 300, 350 mm. The height of the diamond segment determines the resource of the disc.

See also: Diamond cutting discs· Diamond grinding discs· Diamond Blade

A bond based on phenol-formaldehyde resin (Bakelite), the most common for the production of cutting and grinding wheels for angle grinders. Bakelite bond is elastic, resistant to shocks and vibrations, provides high cutting speed. It is indicated by the letters "BF" (Bakelite Fibre-reinforced) in the wheel marking. Operating temperature up to 200°C. Reinforced with fiberglass to increase strength.

See also: Cutting wheels· Bond· Bond

The common name for an angle grinder (AG) is the most popular power tool in metalworking and construction. A universal tool for cutting metal, grinding welds, cleaning surfaces, polishing. Standard wheel diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180, 230 mm. Rotation speed: 6600-13300 RPM depending on the disc diameter. Power: 700-2600 W.

See also: RPM Calculator· Angle Grinder· Angle Grinder

Thin abrasive wheel with a thickness of 0.8-3.0 mm, designed for cutting metal, stainless steel, cast iron or stone. Works at high speeds (80 m/s) at an angle of 90° to the workpiece. Standard diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180, 230, 300, 350, 400 mm. Marking: Type 41 (flat), Type 42 (with a lowered center). Abrasive: "A" for metal and steel, "C" for stone and concrete.

See also: Cutting Disc· Cutting Disc· Kerf

Bond based on vulcanized rubber, the most elastic of all types of bonds. Provides the smoothest cutting surface and minimal heating of the workpiece. Used for the production of thin cutting wheels (0.8-1.0 mm), precision cutting wheels and polishing wheels. Indicated by the letter "R" in the marking. Operating temperature up to 150°C.

See also: Bond· Bond· Bakelite bond

A class of abrasive materials where the abrasive grain is applied to a flexible backing: paper, cloth, fiber, polyester or a combination of both. Includes sanding belts, Velcro discs, fiber discs, sheets, rolls, mesh. Unlike bonded abrasives (cutting and grinding wheels), flexible abrasives work in a plane, adapting to the contour of the surface. Grit: P24-P2500 on the FEPA scale.

See also: Self-locking wheels· Sanding belts· Coated Abrasive

Flexible abrasive tool on a foam base, designed for manual sanding of curved surfaces, chamfers, roundings, hard-to-reach places. Abrasive grain (aluminum oxide or silicon carbide) is applied to one or more sides of the sponge. Grit: P60, P80, P120, P180, P220. Can be rinsed with water and reused. Ideal for preparing surfaces before painting.

See also: Sanding sponges Sanding sheets

The main dimensional parameter of an abrasive wheel, measured in millimeters and determining the maximum depth of cut and the required rotation speed (RPM). Standard diameter range: 115, 125, 150, 180, 230, 300, 350, 400 mm. There is an inverse relationship between diameter and RPM: the larger the diameter of the wheel, the lower the speed of rotation of the tool. The maximum safe RPM is indicated on the wheel label.

See also: RPM Calculator RPM Diameter

Tool made of metal (steel, brass, stainless steel) bristles for cleaning surfaces, removing rust, scale, old paint, welding slag. Types by shape: cup, wheel, end, twist knot, crimped. Wire material: carbon steel (universal), stainless steel (for INOX, without residual rust), brass (for soft surfaces). For angle grinders, drills, machine tools.

See also: Wire Brushes· Wire Brush

The process of gradual, controlled destruction of abrasive grain during operation, which leads to the renewal of cutting edges. Friable grain is self-sharpening - dull areas chip off, exposing new sharp edges, which ensures a longer service life and uniform performance. Too hard grain dulls without renewal. Ceramic grain has the best self-sharpening characteristics, followed by zirconium corundum, then ordinary aluminum oxide.

See also: Ceramic Grain· Zirconia· Self-sharpening

A parameter that determines the size of the abrasive particles in a disc or on a flexible abrasive. The lower the grit number, the coarser the abrasive. FEPA scale for bonded abrasives: 16, 24, 36, 46, 60, 80, 120, 180, 240. P-scale for flexible abrasives: P40-P2500. Applications: 16-24 - roughing, large stock removal; 36-60 - standard finishing, seam cleaning; 80-120 - finishing; 180+ - polishing, finishing.

See also: Guides· Grit· FEPA

The material that holds the abrasive grains together in a monolithic wheel determines the cutting speed, wear resistance, heat resistance and strength of the tool. Main types: BF (bakelite) - for cutting and grinding wheels of the KSHM; V (ceramic/vitrified) - for machine wheels; R (rubber/vulcanite) - for precision cutting and polishing; B (galvanic) - for diamond tools. Indicated by a letter in the wheel marking.

See also: Bond· Bakelite bond· Vulcanite bond

Abrasive wheel 4-8 mm thick, designed for material removal by grinding (unlike a thin cutting wheel). Works with the end or side surface at an angle of 15-30° to the workpiece. Shape: Type 27 (depressed center) - with a lowered center for access to the surface. Application: removal of welds, shells, irregularities, old paint, rust. Diameters: 115, 125, 150, 180, 230 mm.

See also: Grinding wheels· Depressed Center· Grinding Disc

Premium abrasive grain with a microcrystalline structure of aluminum oxide, manufactured using sol-gel technology. The grain undergoes controlled micro-fracture during operation, constantly renewing the cutting edges (self-sharpening). Provides the highest cutting performance, the longest service life, minimal heating of the workpiece. Optimal for processing stainless steel, heat-resistant alloys (Inconel, Hastelloy), hardened steels. Marking: ceramic aluminum oxide, ceramic alumina.

See also: Flap wheels· Ceramic Grain· Grain erosion

The most popular universal power tool in metalworking, construction and repair. Application: cutting metal and stone, grinding welds, cleaning surfaces, removing rust and paint, polishing. Technical characteristics: power 700-2600 W, wheel diameter 115-230 mm, rotation speed 6600-13300 RPM depending on diameter, M14 or 5/8" mount. Synonyms: angle grinder, angle grinder.

See also: RPM Calculator· Safety· Angle grinder

The angle between the plane of the abrasive wheel's working surface and the plane of the workpiece, which critically affects the efficiency, safety and quality of the finish. Cutting with a cut-off wheel: 90° perpendicular to the workpiece (Type 41) or 30-45° for Type 42 wheels. Grinding with a grinding or flap wheel: 15-30° to the surface. An incorrect angle leads to overheating, uneven wear, and possible breakage of the wheel.

See also: Work safety· Type 27/41/42

Standardized record of technical characteristics of an abrasive wheel according to ISO 525 / EN 12413, applied to the label. Marking format: [Abrasive] [Grit] [Hardness] [Bond]. Example: A 36 R BF means — aluminum oxide (A), grit 36, hardness R, bakelite bond (BF). Additionally indicated: geometric dimensions (D×T×H mm), maximum RPM, date of manufacture, manufacturer, safety standard (EN 12413, OSA), application pictograms.

See also: ISO 525· EN 12413· Binding

A method of abrasive processing using a cooling liquid (water, water emulsion, special lubricants) supplied to the cutting zone. Advantages: significantly reduces the cutting temperature, prevents overheating and thermal deformation of the workpiece, burning of the abrasive, reduces dust formation, extends the service life of the tool. Mandatory for working with solid diamond discs. Disadvantage: requires a liquid supply system and sludge collection.

See also: Diamond blades· Diamond Blade

Common household name for flexible abrasive materials on a paper or fabric basis. Consists of a backing (paper of various densities, fabric), an adhesive layer and abrasive grain (aluminum oxide, silicon carbide). Grain size according to the FEPA scale: P40 (coarse) to P2500 (ultrafine for polishing). Base types: A (paper), X (polyester fabric), F (fiber). Production forms: sheets, rolls, wheels. For manual and machine sanding of wood, metal, plastic, paint.

See also: Sanding sheets· Rolls· Flexible abrasives

Abrasive material consisting of a three-dimensional mesh of nylon fibers impregnated with abrasive grain (aluminum oxide or silicon carbide) and synthetic resin. Advantages: does not change the geometry of the part, soft elastic action, does not leave deep scratches, provides uniform matting. Applications: matting of surfaces, removal of oxides and patina, preparation for painting, finishing of stainless steel. Types: discs, discs, belts, hand pads.

See also: Non-Woven Abrasive· Non-Woven· Polishing

The speed of rotation of the spindle of a power tool or abrasive wheel, measured in revolutions per minute. Critical safety parameter: the maximum safe RPM of the wheel (indicated on the label) must exceed or equal to the RPM of the tool. Standard maximum RPMs for wheels: 115 mm - 13300, 125 mm - 12200, 150 mm - 10200, 180 mm - 8500, 230 mm - 6600. Linear speed of rotation for abrasives: 80 m/s (cutting), 50-63 m/s (grinding).

See also: RPM Calculator RPM Diameter

Intermediate element between the grinder and the working abrasive wheel with Velcro (Velcro) or fiber wheel. Functions: rotation transmission, pressure distribution, vibration damping, wheel fixation. Parameters: diameter (115-230 mm), stiffness (hard for flat surfaces, soft for contoured surfaces), type of attachment (M14 thread, Velcro), material (rubber, polyurethane). Has a centering pin or a hole for ventilation.

See also: Backing pads· Fiber discs· Velcro

Abrasive wheel consisting of numerous overlapping flaps of abrasive cloth fixed to a support base. Abrasive grain: aluminum oxide (universal), zirconium corundum (productive), ceramic (premium). Grit: P40, P60, P80, P120. Types: flat Type 27 (for surfaces), conical Type 29 (for corners and chamfers). Advantages: progressive wear of the flaps, no need for frequent replacement, soft action without deep scratches.

See also: Flap Discs· Flap Disc· Ceramics

Disc cutting tool with brazed carbide teeth (Tungsten Carbide Tipped) for sawing wood, laminate, MDF, aluminum, plastic. Parameters: outer diameter (160-350 mm), number of teeth (24-100), mounting hole (20/25.4/30 mm), disc thickness, tooth angle (ATB, TCG, FTG). More teeth = cleaner cut, less speed. For circular saws, miter saws, hand-held circular saws.

See also: Saw blades· TCT

Finishing abrasive surface treatment to achieve minimal roughness (Ra < 0.4 μm) and mirror shine. Performed with fine-grained abrasives (P240-P2500), felt or felt wheels with polishing pastes, ultrafine non-woven abrasives. Stages: rough polishing (scratch removal), fine polishing (leveling), fine polishing (mirror shine). Application: stainless steel, aluminum, brass, acrylic, granite, automotive paintwork.

See also: Nonwoven abrasive· Surface Finish· Roughness

The central hole in the abrasive wheel or disc for mounting on the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. Standard dimensions of the mounting hole: 22.23 mm (7/8") - universal for KSHM 115-230 mm; 25.4 mm (1") - for machine wheels; 32 mm - for large machine wheels; 20/25.4/30 mm - for TCT saw blades; 13 mm - for wire brushes. Mismatch of the diameter of the mounting hole and the spindle is unacceptable (breaking, beating, accident).

See also: Cutting wheels· Arbor Hole

The process of cut-off material using a thin high-speed abrasive wheel (cutting disc). The wheel rotates at a speed of 80 m/s and cuts through the workpiece with abrasive grains. Advantages over mechanical cutting: clean cut without large burrs, minimal heat affected zone, no deformation of thin-walled profiles, versatility (metal, stone, concrete). Applications: cutting steel, stainless steel, cast iron, reinforcement, profile pipes, angles, concrete, brick, ceramics.

See also: Cutting discs· Cutting Disc· Cutting disc

Abrasive material on a fabric, paper or combined basis, wound into a roll 5-50 meters long. Allows you to cut a piece of the required length for a specific task. Standard widths: 50, 100, 115 mm. Grit: P40-P400. Abrasive: aluminum oxide (for wood and metal), silicon carbide (for paint and putty). Application: manual grinding of large flat surfaces, pipes, profiles, preparation for painting.

See also: Sanding rolls Sheets

The ability of an abrasive grain to break down in a controlled manner during operation, exposing new sharp cutting edges instead of dull ones. Mechanism: When a critical pressure is reached from a dull edge, the grain micro-cracks, forming a new cutting edge. Best self-sharpening characteristics: ceramic grain (microcrystalline structure) > zirconia corundum (macrocrystals) > regular aluminum oxide. Result: uniform cutting performance throughout the life of the tool.

See also: Flap Discs· Grain erosion· Ceramics

The cutting element of a diamond disc, consisting of synthetic diamond grains fixed in a metal matrix (bonding) by sintering or electroplating. Types of segments by shape: standard rectangular, turbo (with cooling grooves), aero (with perforation), "L"-shaped (for aggressive cutting). The height of the segment (7-10 mm) determines the resource of the disc. Important: new diamond discs require lapping (the first 1-2 cuts are slower) to expose the diamonds.

See also: Diamond blades· Diamond Blade· Diamond disc

Closed endless abrasive belt for belt sanders (stationary or hand-held). Base: X fabric (polyester) - elastic and durable, J paper - for light work. Abrasive grain: aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) for wood and metal, zirconium corundum for intensive work, ceramic for professional use. Grit: P24-P240. Standard sizes: 75×533, 100×610, 100×915 mm. Application: fast removal of large stock, leveling of surfaces.

See also: Sanding belts· Sanding Belt· Flexible abrasives

The ability of the bond to hold the abrasive grains during operation - resistance to grain breakage under cutting loads. Indicated by letters on a scale from A (softest) to Z (hardest). Ranges: EJ - very soft, KM - soft, NR - medium, SV - hard, WZ - very hard. The paradox of choice: soft wheels (LP) for hard materials (hardened steel, titanium), hard wheels (SZ) for soft materials (aluminum, copper, plastic).

See also: Selection Guides· Hardness· Bond

Classification of the shape of abrasive wheels according to the international standard ISO 603 / FEPA, which defines the geometry and method of application. Type 41 (straight wheel) - a straight flat wheel for cutting at 90°. Type 42 (saucer wheel) - with a lowered center and a curved profile for cutting at an angle of 30-45°. Type 27 (depressed center) - a finishing wheel with a lowered center for grinding at 15-30°. Type 29 (conical) - conical for flap wheels, corner and end work.

See also: Cutting wheels· Grinding wheels· Type 27/41/42

Grinding wheel on a hard fiber backing (vulcanized cellulose 0.6-0.8 mm thick) with abrasive grain applied. Mounted on a backing plate through a central hole (22 mm). Grit: 24, 36, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120. Abrasive: aluminum oxide, zirconium corundum, ceramic grain. Advantages: aggressive material removal, longer service life than flap wheels, cost-effective. Applications: cleaning thick welds, removing corrosion, leveling surfaces.

See also: Fiber discs· Backing pads· Fiber Disc

Clamping element for fixing an abrasive wheel on the spindle of an angle grinder or machine tool. Consists of two parts: an internal (lower) flange with M14 or 5/8" thread, an external clamping nut. Requirements: flange diameter at least 1/3 of the wheel diameter, flat contact surface without scratches and burrs, uniform tightening without skew. A damaged flange (cracks, dents) must be replaced immediately - risk of wheel breakage.

See also: Safety equipment· KShM

High-precision fine abrasive finishing of internal cylindrical surfaces (engine blocks, hydraulic cylinders, bearing bushings) with special abrasive bars or belts performing reciprocating and rotational motion. Achieves roughness parameters Ra 0.1-0.8 μm and shape accuracy up to 2-5 μm. Creates a characteristic cross-hatch pattern at an angle of 45-60°, which retains lubricant. Final operation after cylinder boring.

See also: Surface Finish· Surface roughness

Abrasive grain consisting of a mixture of zirconium oxide and aluminum oxide (ZrO₂ + Al₂O₃) in a ratio of 25:75. It is produced by melting in an electric arc furnace. Characteristics: self-sharpening due to the macrocrystalline structure, high-performance, heat-resistant. Marking: "Z", "ZA", "ZF". Optimal for intensive processing of stainless steel, casting alloys, difficult-to-process materials. More expensive than regular aluminum oxide, but lasts 2-3 times longer.

See also: Flap wheels· Zirconia· Self-sharpening

Abrasive or diamond grinding wheel of cup shape, designed for surface grinding of vertical and horizontal surfaces. Diamond cup wheels are used for grinding concrete, granite, marble, mosaic and epoxy floors, removing deposits. Abrasive cup wheels - for cleaning large metal surfaces. Diameters: 100, 115, 125, 150, 180, 230 mm. Diamond segments are located on the end working surface. For KSHM or specialized concrete grinders.

See also: Diamond grinding wheels· Cup Wheel

Abrasive tool for removing material by grinding (as opposed to a cut-off wheel, which is intended solely for cutting). Works with the end or side surface at an angle to the workpiece. Types of grinding wheels: grinding wheels (Type 27) 4-8 mm thick, flap wheels with fabric segments, fiber wheels on a hard backing, cup wheels for surface grinding, disc wheels. Applications: removing weld seams, removing sinks, leveling surfaces, preparing for painting.

See also: Polishing wheels· Flap wheels· Grinding Wheel

Abrasive material where the grain is applied to a mesh (perforated) base made of fiberglass or synthetic fabric. Key advantage: does not get clogged with dust - dust passes freely through the mesh holes, which extends the service life by 3-5 times compared to sandpaper. Application: sanding putty, drywall, wood, preparing walls for painting. Grit: P80, P120, P150, P180, P220, P240, P320, P400. Used with a vibrating or random orbital sander.

See also: Sanding mesh· Self-locking wheels

The quantitative characteristic of the quality of the processed surface, which determines the arithmetic mean deviation of the profile from the center line, is measured in micrometers (μm). The Ra parameter is regulated by DSTU ISO 4287. Roughness ranges: Ra 0.1-0.4 - polishing, mirror surface; Ra 0.8-3.2 - fine grinding; Ra 6.3-12.5 - medium grinding; Ra 25-50 - coarse grinding. Regularity: the higher the grain size of the abrasive (P180, P240, P320), the lower the Ra (smoother surface).

See also: Surface Finish· Polishing· Grain

Tool for mechanical surface cleaning, consisting of metal wire bristles (bristles) fixed to the body. Wire materials: carbon steel (general purpose, maximum aggressiveness), stainless steel (for processing stainless INOX surfaces without residual contamination), brass (for soft surfaces, aluminum, copper). Shapes: disk (wheel), cup (cup), end (end), manual. Bristles type: crimped (crimped) - soft action, knotted (twist knot) - aggressive. Application: removal of rust, scale, old paint, welding slag, surface preparation for painting.

See also: Wire brushes· Wire brush· Wire Brush